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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Found object</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Readymade" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="Readymade_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Readymade (disambiguation)">Readymade (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

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<p>A <b>found object</b> (a <a href="Calque" title="Calque">calque</a> from the French <i>objet trouvé</i>), or <b>found art</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is <a href="Art" title="Art">art</a> created from undisguised, but often modified, items or <a href="Product_(business)" title="Product (business)">products</a> that are not normally considered materials from which art is made, often because they already have a non-art function.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a> first publicly utilized the idea when he pasted a printed image of chair caning onto his painting titled <i><a href="Still_Life_with_Chair_Caning" title="Still Life with Chair Caning">Still Life with Chair Caning</a></i> (1912). <a href="Marcel_Duchamp" title="Marcel Duchamp">Marcel Duchamp</a> is thought to have perfected the concept several years later when <a href="Readymades_of_Marcel_Duchamp" title="Readymades of Marcel Duchamp">he made a series</a> of <b>readymades</b>, consisting of completely unaltered everyday objects selected by Duchamp and designated as art.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most famous example is <i><a href="Fountain_(Duchamp)" title="Fountain (Duchamp)">Fountain</a></i> (1917), a standard urinal purchased from a hardware store and displayed on a pedestal, resting on its back. In its strictest sense the term "readymade" is applied exclusively to works produced by Marcel Duchamp,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who borrowed the term from the <a href="Clothing_industry" title="Clothing industry">clothing industry</a> (French: <i lang="fr">prêt-à-porter</i>, <small><abbr title="Literal translation">lit.</abbr> </small>'<a href="Ready-to-wear" title="Ready-to-wear">ready-to-wear</a>') while living in New York, and especially to works dating from 1913 to 1921.

</p><p>Found objects derive their identity as art from the designation placed upon them by the artist and from the social history that comes with the object. This may be indicated by either its anonymous wear and tear (as in collages of <a href="Kurt_Schwitters" title="Kurt Schwitters">Kurt Schwitters</a>) or by its recognizability as a consumer icon (as in the sculptures of <a href="Haim_Steinbach" title="Haim Steinbach">Haim Steinbach</a>). The context into which it is placed is also a highly relevant factor. The idea of dignifying commonplace objects in this way was originally a shocking challenge to the accepted distinction between what was considered <i>art</i> as opposed to <i>not art</i>. Although it may now be accepted in the art world as a viable practice, it continues to arouse questioning, as with the <a href="Tate_Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="Tate Gallery">Tate Gallery</a>'s <a href="Turner_Prize" title="Turner Prize">Turner Prize</a> exhibition of <a href="Tracey_Emin" title="Tracey Emin">Tracey Emin</a>'s <i><a href="My_Bed" title="My Bed">My Bed</a></i>, which consisted literally of a transposition of her unmade and disheveled bed, surrounded by shed clothing and other bedroom detritus, directly from her bedroom to the Tate. In this sense the artist gives the audience time and a stage to contemplate an object. As such, found objects can prompt philosophical reflection in the observer ranging from disgust to indifference to nostalgia to empathy.

</p><p>As an art form, found objects tend to include the artist's output—at the very least an idea about it, i.e. the artist's designation of the object as art—which is nearly always reinforced with a title. There is usually some degree of modification of the found object, although not always to the extent that it cannot be recognized, as is the case with readymades. Recent critical theory, however, would argue that the mere designation and relocation of any object, readymades included, constitutes a modification of the object because it changes our perception of its utility, its lifespan, or its status.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antecedents">Antecedents</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Manuport" title="Manuport">Manuport</a></div>

<p>One curator considers East Asian <a href="Scholar's_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholar's rock">scholar's rocks</a> to be early examples of found objects. Found and collected in natural settings, the rocks are changed only minimally for display, seldom beyond the addition of a display stand, and are meant to be contemplated as idealized representations of nature. Geological processes, chief among them <a href="Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a>, give the rocks their distinctive qualities, rather than any modification by an artist or artisan.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In 2017–2018, the French expert Johann Naldi found and identified seventeen unpublished works in a private collection, classified as a national treasure on May 7, 2021, by the French Ministry of Culture,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including <i>Des souteneurs encore dans la force de l'âge et le ventre dans l'herbe</i> by Alphonse Allais<i>,</i> consisting of a green carriage curtain suspended from a wooden cylinder.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This work was certainly exhibited at the <a href="Incoherents" title="Incoherents">Incoherents</a> exhibitions in Paris between 1883 and 1893. According to Johann Naldi, this work is the oldest known readymade and was a source of inspiration for Marcel Duchamp.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Duchamp's_"readymades"">Duchamp's "readymades"</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Readymades_of_Marcel_Duchamp" title="Readymades of Marcel Duchamp">Readymades of Marcel Duchamp</a></div>

<p><a href="Marcel_Duchamp" title="Marcel Duchamp">Marcel Duchamp</a> coined the term <i>readymade</i> in 1915 to describe a common object that had been selected and not materially altered in any way. Duchamp assembled <i><a href="Bicycle_Wheel" title="Bicycle Wheel">Bicycle Wheel</a></i> in 1913 by attaching a common front wheel and fork to the seat of a common stool. This was not long after his <i><a href="Nude_Descending_a_Staircase%2C_No._2" title="Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2">Nude Descending a Staircase</a></i> was attracting the attention of critics at the <a href="Armory_Show" title="Armory Show">International Exhibition of Modern Art</a>. In 1917, <i><a href="Fountain_(Duchamp)" title="Fountain (Duchamp)">Fountain</a></i>, a urinal signed with the pseudonym "R. Mutt", and generally attributed to Duchamp, confounded the art world. In the same year, Duchamp indicated in a letter to his sister, Suzanne Duchamp, that a female friend was centrally involved in the conception of this work. As he writes: "One of my female friends who had adopted the pseudonym Richard Mutt sent me a porcelain urinal as a sculpture."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Irene_Gammel" title="Irene Gammel">Irene Gammel</a> argues that the piece is more in line with the scatological aesthetics of Duchamp's friend, the <a href="Elsa_von_Freytag-Loringhoven" title="Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven">Baroness Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven</a>, than Duchamp's.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other possible, and more probable, "female friend" is <a href="Louise_Var%C3%A8se" title="Louise Varèse">Louise Norton</a> (later Varèse), who contributed an essay to <i><a href="The_Blind_Man" title="The Blind Man">The Blind Man</a></i> discussing <i>Fountain</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Norton, who recently had separated from her husband, was living at the time in an apartment owned by her parents at 110 West 88th Street in <a href="New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, and this address is partially discernible (along with "Richard Mutt") on the paper entry ticket attached to the object, as seen in Stieglitz's photograph.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Research by <a href="Rhonda_Roland_Shearer" title="Rhonda Roland Shearer">Rhonda Roland Shearer</a> indicates that Duchamp may have fabricated his found objects. Exhaustive research of mundane items like snow shovels and bottle racks in use at the time failed to reveal identical matches. The urinal, upon close inspection, is non-functional. However, there are accounts of <a href="Walter_Arensberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Arensberg">Walter Arensberg</a> and <a href="Joseph_Stella" title="Joseph Stella">Joseph Stella</a> being with Duchamp when he purchased the original <i>Fountain</i> at J. L. Mott Iron Works.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_development">Later development</h3></div>

<p>The use of found objects was quickly taken up by the <a href="Dada" title="Dada">Dada</a> movement, being used by <a href="Man_Ray" title="Man Ray">Man Ray</a> and <a href="Francis_Picabia" title="Francis Picabia">Francis Picabia</a> who combined it with traditional art by sticking combs onto a painting to represent hair.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A well-known work by Man Ray is <i>Gift</i> (1921), which is an iron with nails sticking out from its flat underside, thus rendering it useless.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Jose_de_Creeft" title="Jose de Creeft">Jose de Creeft</a> began making large-scale assemblages in <a href="Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, such as <i>Picador</i> (1925), made of scrap metal, rubber and other materials.

</p><p>The combination of several found objects is a type of readymade sometimes known as an <a href="Assemblage_(art)" title="Assemblage (art)">assemblage</a>. Another such example is Marcel Duchamp's <i><a href="Why_Not_Sneeze%2C_Rose_S%C3%A9lavy%3F" title="Why Not Sneeze, Rose Sélavy?">Why Not Sneeze, Rose Sélavy?</a></i>, consisting of a small birdcage containing a thermometer, cuttlebone, and 151 marble cubes resembling <a href="Sugar_cube" title="Sugar cube">sugar cubes</a>.

</p><p>By the time of the Surrealist Exhibition of Objects in 1936 a whole range of sub-classifications had been devised—including found objects, ready-made objects, perturbed objects, mathematical objects, natural objects, interpreted natural objects, incorporated natural objects, Oceanic objects, American objects and Surrealist objects. At this time Surrealist leader, <a href="Andr%C3%A9_Breton" title="André Breton">André Breton</a>, defined readymades as "manufactured objects raised to the dignity of works of art through the choice of the artist".

</p><p>In the 1960s, found objects were present in both the <a href="Fluxus" title="Fluxus">Fluxus</a> movement and in <a href="Pop_art" title="Pop art">pop art</a>. <a href="Joseph_Beuys" title="Joseph Beuys">Joseph Beuys</a> exhibited modified found objects; examples include rocks with a hole in them stuffed with fur and fat, a van with sledges trailing behind it, and a rusty girder.

</p><p>In 1973, <a href="Michael_Craig-Martin" title="Michael Craig-Martin">Michael Craig-Martin</a> claimed of his work <i><a href="An_Oak_Tree" title="An Oak Tree">An Oak Tree</a></i>, "It's not a symbol. I have changed the physical substance of the glass of water into that of an oak tree. I didn't change its appearance. The actual oak tree is physically present, but in the form of a glass of water."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_types_of_found_objects">Other types of found objects</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commodity_sculpture">Commodity sculpture</h3></div>

<p>In the 1980s, a variation of found objects emerged called <i>commodity sculpture</i> where commercially mass-produced items would be arranged in the art gallery as sculpture. The focus of this variety of sculpture was on the marketing, display of products. These artists included <a href="Jeff_Koons" title="Jeff Koons">Jeff Koons</a>, <a href="Haim_Steinbach" title="Haim Steinbach">Haim Steinbach</a>, and <a href="Ashley_Bickerton" title="Ashley Bickerton">Ashley Bickerton</a> (who later moved on to do other kinds of work).

</p><p>One of <a href="Jeff_Koons" title="Jeff Koons">Jeff Koons</a>' early signature works was <i>Two Ball 50/50 Tank</i>, 1985, which consisted of two basketballs floating in water, which half-fills a glass tank.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trash_art">Trash art</h3></div>

<p>A specific subgenre of found objects is known as <b>trash art</b> or <b>junk art</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These works primarily comprise components that have been discarded. Often they come quite literally from the trash. One example of trash art is <a href="Trashion" title="Trashion">trashion</a>, fashion made from trash. <a href="Marina_DeBris" title="Marina DeBris">Marina DeBris</a> takes trash from the beach and creates dresses, vests, and other clothes. Many organizations sponsor junk art competitions. Trash art may also have a social purpose, of raising awareness of trash.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<p>Artists who create art from trash include:

</p>

<ul><li>Spanish artist Francisco de Pajaro ("Art is trash" or "<span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Arte es basura</i></span>")<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>Australian artist <a href="Paul_Yore" title="Paul Yore">Paul Yore</a>, who uses trash to create a kind of "<a href="Kitsch" title="Kitsch">kitsch</a> queerness", "bad taste aesthetic", in order to challenge people's perceptions, and to examine excess consumption in society.<sup id="cite_ref-Heath_2022_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heath_2022-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_music">In music</h3></div>

<p>Found objects can also be <a href="Found_object_(music)" title="Found object (music)">used as musical instruments</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is an important part of the <i><a href="Musique_concr%C3%A8te" title="Musique concrète">musique concrète</a></i> genre.

</p><p>Found sounds have been used by acts including <a href="Cop_Shoot_Cop" title="Cop Shoot Cop">Cop Shoot Cop</a>, <a href="Radiohead" title="Radiohead">Radiohead</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Four_Tet" title="Four Tet">Four Tet</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="The_Books" title="The Books">The Books</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="Bj%C3%B6rk" title="Björk">Björk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The musician <a href="Cosmo_Sheldrake" title="Cosmo Sheldrake">Cosmo Sheldrake</a>, who uses found sounds from the natural world in his music, has stated that incorporating the "soundscape" of ecosystems into music may be an effective means of communicating important messages about issues such as climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2></div>

<p>The found object in art has been a subject of polarised debate in Britain throughout the 1990s due to the use of it by the <a href="Young_British_Artists" title="Young British Artists">Young British Artists</a>. It has been rejected by the general public and journalists, and supported by public museums and art critics. In his 2000 Dimbleby lecture, <i>Who's afraid of modern art</i>, <a href="Nicholas_Serota" title="Nicholas Serota">Sir Nicholas Serota</a> advocated such kinds of "difficult" art, while quoting opposition such as the <i><a href="Daily_Mail" title="Daily Mail">Daily Mail</a></i> headline "For 1,000 years art has been one of our great civilising forces. Today, pickled sheep and soiled beds threaten to make barbarians of us all". A more unexpected rejection in 1999 came from artists—some of whom had previously worked with found objects—who founded the <a href="Stuckism" title="Stuckism">Stuckists</a> group and issued a manifesto denouncing such work in favour of a return to painting with the statement "Ready-made art is a polemic of materialism".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Artists">Artists</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="List_of_found_objects" title="List of found objects">List of found objects</a></div>

<p>Many modern artists are notable for their use of found objects in their art. These include the following:

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<ul><li><a href="Sa%C3%A2dane_Afif" title="Saâdane Afif">Saâdane Afif</a></li>

<li><a href="Arman" title="Arman">Arman</a><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Joseph_Beuys" title="Joseph Beuys">Joseph Beuys</a></li>

<li><a href="Guillaume_Bijl" title="Guillaume Bijl">Guillaume Bijl</a></li>

<li><a href="George_Brecht" title="George Brecht">George Brecht</a></li>

<li><a href="Jake_and_Dinos_Chapman" title="Jake and Dinos Chapman">Jake and Dinos Chapman</a></li>

<li><a href="Greg_Colson" title="Greg Colson">Greg Colson</a></li>

<li><a href="Joseph_Cornell" title="Joseph Cornell">Joseph Cornell</a></li>

<li><a href="Tony_Cragg" title="Tony Cragg">Tony Cragg</a></li>

<li><a href="Salvador_Dal%C3%AD" title="Salvador Dalí">Salvador Dalí</a></li>

<li><a href="Marina_DeBris" title="Marina DeBris">Marina DeBris</a></li>

<li><a href="Jose_de_Creeft" title="Jose de Creeft">Jose de Creeft</a></li>

<li><a href="Marcel_Duchamp" title="Marcel Duchamp">Marcel Duchamp</a></li>

<li><a href="Tracey_Emin" title="Tracey Emin">Tracey Emin</a></li>

<li><a href="Tom_Friedman_(artist)" title="Tom Friedman (artist)">Tom Friedman</a></li>

<li><a href="Victoria_Fuller_(artist)" title="Victoria Fuller (artist)">Victoria Fuller</a></li>

<li><a href="Genco_Gulan" title="Genco Gulan">Genco Gulan</a></li>

<li><a href="Louis_Hirshman" title="Louis Hirshman">Louis Hirshman</a><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Damien_Hirst" title="Damien Hirst">Damien Hirst</a></li>

<li><a href="Lonnie_Holley" title="Lonnie Holley">Lonnie Holley</a></li>

<li><a href="Irma_H%C3%BCnerfauth" title="Irma Hünerfauth">Irma Hünerfauth</a></li>

<li><a href="Jasper_Johns" title="Jasper Johns">Jasper Johns</a><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Edward_Kienholz" title="Edward Kienholz">Edward</a> and <a href="Nancy_Reddin_Kienholz" title="Nancy Reddin Kienholz">Nancy Kienholz</a></li>

<li><a href="Joseph_Kosuth" title="Joseph Kosuth">Joseph Kosuth</a><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Pawe%C5%82_Kowalewski" title="Paweł Kowalewski">Paweł Kowalewski</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Lefelhocz" title="John Lefelhocz">John Lefelhocz</a></li>

<li><a href="Sarah_Lucas" title="Sarah Lucas">Sarah Lucas</a></li>

<li><a href="David_Mach" title="David Mach">David Mach</a></li>

<li><a href="Michael_Craig-Martin" title="Michael Craig-Martin">Michael Craig-Martin</a></li>

<li><a href="Rodney_McMillian" title="Rodney McMillian">Rodney McMillian</a></li>

<li><a href="Louise_Nevelson" title="Louise Nevelson">Louise Nevelson</a></li>

<li><a href="Niki_de_Saint_Phalle" title="Niki de Saint Phalle">Niki de Saint Phalle</a></li>

<li><a href="Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Rauschenberg" title="Robert Rauschenberg">Robert Rauschenberg</a></li>

<li><a href="Leo_Sewell" title="Leo Sewell">Leo Sewell</a></li>

<li><a href="Daniel_Spoerri" title="Daniel Spoerri">Daniel Spoerri</a></li>

<li><a href="Kurt_Schwitters" title="Kurt Schwitters">Kurt Schwitters</a></li>

<li><a href="Michelle_Stitzlein" title="Michelle Stitzlein">Michelle Stitzlein</a></li>

<li><a href="Tomoko_Takahashi" title="Tomoko Takahashi">Tomoko Takahashi</a></li>

<li><a href="Elsa_von_Freytag-Loringhoven" title="Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven">Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven</a></li>

<li><a href="Wolf_Vostell" title="Wolf Vostell">Wolf Vostell</a></li>

</div>

<ul><li><a href="Altered_book" title="Altered book">Altered book</a></li>

<li><a href="Assemblage_(art)" title="Assemblage (art)">Assemblage</a></li>

<li><a href="Appropriation_(art)" title="Appropriation (art)">Appropriation (art)</a></li>

<li><a href="Classificatory_disputes_about_art" title="Classificatory disputes about art">Classificatory disputes about art</a></li>

<li><a href="Collage" title="Collage">Collage</a></li>

<li><a href="D%C3%A9collage" title="Décollage">Décollage</a></li>

<li><a href="Found_object_(music)" title="Found object (music)">Found object (music)</a></li>

<li><a href="Found_poetry" title="Found poetry">Found poetry</a></li>

<li><a href="Found_footage_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Found footage (disambiguation)">Found footage (disambiguation)</a></li>

<li><a href="Fluxus" title="Fluxus">Fluxus</a>, an art movement</li>

<li><a href="Happening" title="Happening">Happening</a></li>

<li><a href="Root_carving" title="Root carving">Root carving</a>, ancient Chinese art inspired by the shape of found roots.</li>

<li><a href="Sound_object" title="Sound object">Sound object</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFStribling1970" class="citation book cs1">Stribling, Mary Lou (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3IowAQAAIAAJ&q=%22found+art%22"><i>Art from Found Materials, Discarded and Natural</i></a>. <a href="Crown_Publishing_Group" title="Crown Publishing Group">Crown Publishing Group</a>. p. 2. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-517-54307-9</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2021</span>. <q>Found Art is a term coined to describe works which are composed in part or entirety of natural or salvaged objects.</q></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDayton1999" class="citation book cs1">Dayton, Eric (2 February 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T6VaDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22found+art%22&pg=PA259"><i>Art and Interpretation: An Anthology of Readings in Aesthetics and the Philosophy of Art</i></a>. <a href="Broadview_Press" title="Broadview Press">Broadview Press</a>. p. 259. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1-551-11190-X</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2021</span>. <q>On the surface, anyway, there is no mystery about the making of the great bulk of works of artifactual art; they are crafted in various traditional ways—painted, sculpted, and the like. (Later, I will attempt to go below the surface a bit.) There is, however, a puzzle about the artifactuality of some relatively recent works of art: Duchamp's readymades, found art, and the like. Some deny that such things are art because, they claim, they are not artifacts made by artists. It can, I think, be shown that they are the artifacts of artists. (In <i>Art and the Aesthetic</i> I claimed, I now think mistakenly, that artifactuality is <i>conferred</i> on things such as Duchamp's <i>Fountain</i> and found art, but I will not discuss this here.)</q></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFTankersley2009" class="citation book cs1">Tankersley, Leeana (14 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LP0ZMrch0rgC&dq=%22found+art%22&pg=PT10"><i>Found Art: Discovering Beauty in Foreign Places</i></a>. <a href="Zondervan" title="Zondervan">Zondervan</a>. p. 2. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-310-56182-8</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2021</span>. <q>... That is what we call <i>found art</i>—a genre of art that started umpteen years ago with a guy in New York who took a urinal and cleverly refashioned it into a fountain. Found art is created when odd, disparate, unlikely, even long-abandoned castoffs are put together with other similarly unexpected remnants to create something new and, if all goes as planned, lovely.</q></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100620150735/http://moma.org/collection/theme.php?theme_id=10135">definition of Objet trouvé at the MoMA Art Terms page</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chilvers, Ian & Glaves-Smith, John eds., <i>Dictionary of Modern and Contemporary Art</i>, Oxford: <a href="Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 2009. pp. 587–588</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moma.org/learn/moma_learning/themes/dada/marcel-duchamp-and-the-readymade">Marcel Duchamp and the Readymade</a>, <a href="MoMA" class="mw-redirect" title="MoMA">MoMA</a> Learning</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDodson2021" class="citation journal cs1">Dodson, Donna (August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15212%2FCAET%2F2021%2F7%2F1">"Interpreting the natural: contemporary visions of scholars' rocks"</a>. <i>Creative Arts in Education and Therapy</i>. <b>7</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">11–</span>13. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15212%2FCAET%2F2021%2F7%2F1">10.15212/CAET/2021/7/1</a></span>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:238719901">238719901</a>. <q>They embody the original impulse to elevate a found object to fine art status, not unlike a "readymade," where a commonplace artifact is viewed as art.</q></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPhilippe2021" class="citation journal cs1">Philippe, Dagen (10 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lemonde.fr/culture/article/2021/05/10/dix-neuf-uvres-des-arts-incoherents-classees-tresor-national_6079757_3246.html">"Dix-neuf œuvres des Arts incohérents classées trésor national"</a>. <i>Le Monde</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPhilippe2021" class="citation journal cs1">Philippe, Dagen (3 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lemonde.fr/culture/article/2021/02/03/dans-une-malle-17-uvres-parodiques-des-arts-incoherents-redecouvertes_6068592_3246.html">"17 œuvres des Arts incohérents : un trésor redécouvert dans une malle"</a>. <i>Le Monde</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJohann2022" class="citation book cs1">Johann, Naldi (April 2022). <i>Arts incohérents, discoveries and new perspectives</i>. Paris: Lienart. pp. <span class="nowrap">164–</span>183. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-2-35906-366-0</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Duchamp, Marcel trans. and qtd. in <a href="Irene_Gammel" title="Irene Gammel">Gammel, Irene</a>. <i>Baroness Elsa: Gender, Dada and Everyday Modernity</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 2002, 224.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gammel, <i>Baroness Elsa</i>, 224–225.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sdrc.lib.uiowa.edu/dada/blindman/2/05.htm">"Buddha of the Bathroom"</a>, <i><a href="The_Blind_Man" title="The Blind Man">The Blind Man</a></i>, no. 2, May 1917, pp. 5-6.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Francis M. Naumann, <i>New York Dada, 1915-23</i> (New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1994), p. 239, note 17.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shearer, Rhonda Roland: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.duchamp.org/ImpossibleBed/PartI/">"Marcel Duchamp's Impossible Bed and Other 'Not' Readymade Objects: A Possible Route of Influence From Art To Science"</a>, 1997.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706005148/http://www.tate.org.uk/servlet/ViewWork?cgroupid=999999961&workid=21640&searchid=8483">"Tate Collection - The Handsome Pork-Butcher by Francis Picabia"</a>. <i><a href="Tate_Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="Tate Gallery">Tate Gallery</a></i>. 16 May 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tate.org.uk/servlet/ViewWork?cgroupid=999999961&workid=21640&searchid=8483">the original</a> on 6 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.manray-photo.com/catalog/product_info.php?cPath=30&products_id=157&osCsid=d49650ee1a772ead1f06e8b878e83e9a">"Gift (1921)"</a>. <i>Man Ray Photo</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090301093722/http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/theres-no-need-to-be-afraid-of-the-present-625001.html">"There's No Need to be Afraid of the Present"</a>, <i><a href="The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>, 25 June 2001</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marshall Raeburn Found Object Art: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://marshallraeburn.com">"Stuff I Made from Junk"</a>, 2009.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heal the Bay. News and Blog feature story, no date given. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.healthebay.org/blogs-news/styrofoam-cups-trash-fashion">"Styrofoam Cups: From Trash to Fashion."</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.artistrash.es/about">"About"</a>. <i>franciscodepajaro</i> (in Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Heath_2022-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Heath_2022_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHeath2022" class="citation web cs1">Heath, Nicola (6 November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-11-06/paul-yore-word-made-flesh-exhibition-acca-australian-artist/101610312">"Australian artist Paul Yore speaks about censorship in art, queer culture and Catholic kitsch as ACCA exhibition surveys his career"</a>. <i>ABC News</i>. <a href="Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">Australian Broadcasting Corporation</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <i>The Music of Man</i>, <a href="Yehudi_Menuhin" title="Yehudi Menuhin">Y. Menuhin</a> and C. W. Davis, Methuen, Toronto, 1979</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRandall2000" class="citation book cs1">Randall, Mac (12 September 2000). <i>Exit Music: The Radiohead Story</i>. Delta. pp. <span class="nowrap">71–</span>73. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-385-33393-5</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/four-tet-looks-back-on-rounds-20130514">"Four Tet Looks Back on 'Rounds'"</a>. <i>Rolling Stone</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2010/09/03/129607098/the-books-making-music-through-found-sound">"The Books: Making Music Through Found Sound"</a>. <i>NPR</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/bjork-emerges-from-her-internal-battle-with-strings-attached-20151209-glidsn.html">"Bjork emerges from her internal battle, with strings attached"</a>. <i>The Sydney Morning Herald</i>. 9 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jsg.utexas.edu/science-yall/at-the-intersection-of-art-science-and-community">"At the Intersection of Art, Science and Community"</a>. <i>Texas Geosciences</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGuru" class="citation web cs1">Guru, Ella. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stuckism.com/stuckistmanifesto.html#manifest">"The Stuckists manifesto"</a>. <i>www.stuckism.com</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/24/arts/24arma.html">"Arman, 76, Found-Object Sculptor, Dies"</a> by <a href="Ken_Johnson_(art_critic)" title="Ken Johnson (art critic)">Ken Johnson</a>, <i><a href="The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, 24 October 2005</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moma.org/collection/object.php?object_id=81620"><i>Five Feet of Colorful Tools</i>, 1962, MoMA collection</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hirshman-art.com">Official Louis (Lou) Hirshman website</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121231041040/http://arthistory.about.com/od/from_exhibitions/ig/jasper_johns_0708/graymma_12.htm">"<i>Fool's House</i>, 1962"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arthistory.about.com/od/from_exhibitions/ig/jasper_johns_0708/graymma_12.htm">the original</a> on 31 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moma.org/collection/browse_results.php?criteria=O%3AAD%3AE%3A3228&page_number=1&template_id=1&sort_order=1"><i>One and Three Chairs</i>, 1965, MoMA collection</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703551304576261042931202326">"Pablo Picasso's Bull's Head | A Magical Metamorphosis of the Ordinary | Masterpiece by Eric Gibson"</a>. <i><a href="The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230531002834/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703551304576261042931202326">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2023.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moma.org/collection/terms/44">"Found object"</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moma.org/collection/terms/88">"Readymade"</a>, defined by MOMA</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tate.org.uk/learn/online-resources/glossary/f/found-object">"Found object"</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/r/readymade">"Readymade"</a> defined by Tate</li>

<li>Betacourt, Michael: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060301001858/http://www.artscienceresearchlab.org/articles/betacourt.htm">"The Richard Mutt Case: Looking for Marcel Duchamp's <i>Fountain</i>"</a></li>

<li>Thompson, Charles: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stuckism.com/Walker/AStuckistOnStuckism.html">"A Stuckist on Stuckism"</a> (See section "The medium modifies the message")</li>

<li>den Arend, Lucien: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.denarend.com/objet-trouve/index.htm">"Environmental Art and Land Art as objet trouvé"</a></li>

<li>Iverson, Margaret: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051125013113/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0425/is_2_63/ai_n6155497">"Readymade, found object, photograph"</a> – An extended examination of the subject</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081103043216/http://www.faund.net/"><i>FAUND</i></a>, paper magazine featuring internet image finders</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511184933/http://www.schalalala.de/material/schalalala-readymade.pdf">"READYMADE"</a> fan scarf remix knitting pattern by Schalalala</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.fr/books?isbn=1118476182">Hopkins, David, <i>A Companion to Dada and Surrealism</i></a>, Volume 10 of Blackwell Companions to Art History, John Wiley & Sons, May 2, 2016, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1118476182</bdi></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Appropriation_in_the_arts526" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Appropriation_(art)" title="Appropriation (art)">Appropriation</a> in the arts</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFCC99;;width:1%">By field</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFCC99; font-weight:normal;;width:10.5em">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bootleg_recording" title="Bootleg recording">Bootleg recording</a></li>

<li><a href="Chopped_and_screwed" title="Chopped and screwed">Chopped and screwed</a></li>

<li><a href="Contrafact" title="Contrafact">Contrafact</a>

<li><a href="Contrafactum" title="Contrafactum">Contrafactum</a></li>

<li><a href="Cover_version" title="Cover version">Cover version</a></li>

<li><a href="Interpolation_(popular_music)" title="Interpolation (popular music)">Interpolation</a></li>

<li><a href="Medley_(music)" title="Medley (music)">Medley</a></li>

<li><a href="Mashup_(music)" title="Mashup (music)">Music mashup</a></li>

<li><a href="Music_plagiarism" title="Music plagiarism">Music plagiarism</a></li>

<li><a href="Musical_quotation" title="Musical quotation">Musical quotation</a></li>

<li><a href="Nightcore" title="Nightcore">Nightcore</a></li>

<li><a href="Parody_music" title="Parody music">Parody music</a></li>

<li><a href="Pasticcio" title="Pasticcio">Pasticcio</a></li>

<li><a href="Plunderphonics" title="Plunderphonics">Plunderphonics</a></li>

<li><a href="Potpourri_(music)" title="Potpourri (music)">Potpourri</a></li>

<li><a href="Quodlibet" title="Quodlibet">Quodlibet</a></li>

<li><a href="Remix" title="Remix">Remix</a></li>

<li><a href="Riddim" title="Riddim">Riddim</a></li>

<li><a href="Sampling_(music)" title="Sampling (music)">Sampling</a></li>

<li><a href="Sound_collage" title="Sound collage">Sound collage</a></li>

<li><a href="Standard_(music)" title="Standard (music)">Standard</a></li>

<li><a href="Tribute_act" title="Tribute act">Tribute act</a></li>

<li><a href="Trope_(music)" title="Trope (music)">Trope</a></li>

<li><a href="Variation_(music)" title="Variation (music)">Variation</a></li>

<li><a href="Vaporwave" title="Vaporwave">Vaporwave</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFCC99; font-weight:normal;;width:10.5em">Literature / theatre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Assemblage_(composition)" title="Assemblage (composition)">Assemblage</a></li>

<li><a href="Cut-up_technique" title="Cut-up technique">Cut-up technique</a></li>

<li><a href="Flarf_poetry" title="Flarf poetry">Flarf poetry</a></li>

<li><a href="Found_poetry" title="Found poetry">Found poetry</a></li>

<li><a href="Jukebox_musical" title="Jukebox musical">Jukebox musical</a></li>

<li><a href="Trope_(literature)" title="Trope (literature)">Trope</a></li>

<li><a href="Verbatim_theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Verbatim theatre">Verbatim theatre</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFCC99; font-weight:normal;;width:10.5em"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Visual arts</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Collage" title="Collage">Collage</a></li>

<li><a href="Combine_painting" title="Combine painting">Combine painting</a></li>

<li><a href="Photographic_mosaic" title="Photographic mosaic">Photographic mosaic</a></li>

<li><a href="Readymades_of_Marcel_Duchamp" title="Readymades of Marcel Duchamp">Readymades of Marcel Duchamp</a></li>

<li><a href="Swipe_(comics)" title="Swipe (comics)">Swipe</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em;background:#FFCC99; font-weight:normal;">By source material</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Replicas_of_Michelangelo's_David" title="Replicas of Michelangelo's David">Michelangelo's <i>David</i></a></li>

<li><a href="Replicas_of_Michelangelo's_Piet%C3%A0" title="Replicas of Michelangelo's Pietà">Michelangelo's <i>Pietà</i></a></li>

<li><a href="Replicas_of_the_Statue_of_Liberty" title="Replicas of the Statue of Liberty">Statue of Liberty</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFCC99; font-weight:normal;;width:10.5em">Cinema / television / video</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abridged_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Abridged series">Abridged series</a></li>

<li><a href="Anime_music_video" title="Anime music video">Anime music video</a></li>

<li><a href="Collage_film" title="Collage film">Collage film</a></li>

<li><a href="Found_footage_(appropriation)" title="Found footage (appropriation)">Found footage</a></li>

<li><a href="Literal_music_video" title="Literal music video">Literal music video</a></li>

<li><a href="Parody_film" title="Parody film">Parody film</a></li>

<li><a href="Re-cut_trailer" title="Re-cut trailer">Re-cut trailer</a></li>

<li><a href="Remake" title="Remake">Remake</a>

<li><a href="Supercut" title="Supercut">Supercut</a></li>

<li><a href="TV_format" title="TV format">TV format</a></li>

<li><a href="Vidding" title="Vidding">Vidding</a></li>

<li><a href="Mashup_(video)" title="Mashup (video)">Video mashup</a></li>

<li><a href="YouTube_Poop" title="YouTube Poop">YouTube Poop</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFCC99; font-weight:normal;;width:10.5em">Other arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Internet_meme" title="Internet meme">Internet meme</a></li>

<li><a href="Joke_theft" title="Joke theft">Joke theft</a></li>

<li><a href="Parody_advertisement" title="Parody advertisement">Parody advertisement</a></li>

<li><a href="Revivalism_(architecture)" title="Revivalism (architecture)">Revivalism (architecture)</a></li>

<li><a href="Video_game_modding" title="Video game modding">Video game modding</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFCC99;;width:1%">General <br>concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFCC99; font-weight:normal;;width:10.5em"><a href="Intertextuality" title="Intertextuality">Intertextual figures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Allusion" title="Allusion">Allusion</a></li>

<li><a href="Calque" title="Calque">Calque</a></li>

<li><a href="Parody" title="Parody">Parody</a></li>

<li><a href="Pastiche" title="Pastiche">Pastiche</a></li>

<li><a href="Plagiarism" title="Plagiarism">Plagiarism</a></li>

<li><a href="Quotation" title="Quotation">Quotation</a></li>

<li><a href="Translation" title="Translation">Translation</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFCC99; font-weight:normal;;width:10.5em"><a href="Adaptation_(arts)" title="Adaptation (arts)">Adaptation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Literary_adaptation" title="Literary adaptation">Literary</a></li>

<li><a href="Theatrical_adaptation" title="Theatrical adaptation">Theatre</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFCC99; font-weight:normal;;width:10.5em">Other concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="After_(art)" title="After (art)">After (art)</a></li>

<li><a href="Assemblage_(art)" title="Assemblage (art)">Assemblage (art)</a></li>

<li><a href="Bricolage" title="Bricolage">Bricolage</a></li>

<li><a href="Citation" title="Citation">Citation</a></li>

<li><a href="D%C3%A9tournement" title="Détournement">Détournement</a></li>

<li><a href="Homage_(arts)" title="Homage (arts)">Homage</a></li>

<li><a href="Imitation_(art)" title="Imitation (art)">Imitation in art</a></li>

<li><a href="Mashup_(culture)" title="Mashup (culture)">Mashup</a></li>

<li><a href="Reprise" title="Reprise">Reprise</a></li>

<li><a href="Satire" title="Satire">Satire</a></li>

<li><a href="Source_criticism#Source_criticism_in_the_arts" title="Source criticism">Source criticism in the arts</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFCC99;;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related artistic<br>concepts</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aesthetic_interpretation" title="Aesthetic interpretation">Aesthetic interpretation</a></li>

<li><a href="Archetypal_literary_criticism" title="Archetypal literary criticism">Archetypal literary criticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Artistic_inspiration" title="Artistic inspiration">Artistic inspiration</a></li>

<li>"<a href="The_Death_of_the_Author" title="The Death of the Author">The Death of the Author</a>"</li>

<li><a href="Divine_inspiration" title="Divine inspiration">Divine inspiration</a>

<ul><li><i><a href="Afflatus" title="Afflatus">Afflatus</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Genius_(literature)" title="Genius (literature)">Genius (literature)</a></li>

<li><a href="Muses" title="Muses">Muses</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Fan_labor" title="Fan labor">Fan labor</a>

<ul><li><a href="Fan_fiction" title="Fan fiction">Fan fiction</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Genre" title="Genre">Genre</a></li>

<li><a href="Genre_studies" title="Genre studies">Genre studies</a></li>

<li><a href="Originality" title="Originality">Originality</a></li>

<li><a href="Simulacrum" title="Simulacrum">Simulacrum</a></li>

<li><a href="Western_canon" title="Western canon">Western canon</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFCC99;;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Standard blocks<br>and forms</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Archetype" title="Archetype">Archetype</a></li>

<li><a href="Formula_fiction" title="Formula fiction">Formula fiction</a></li>

<li><a href="Genre_fiction" title="Genre fiction">Genre fiction</a></li>

<li><a href="Jazz_standard" title="Jazz standard">Jazz standard</a></li>

<li><a href="Plot_device" title="Plot device">Plot device</a></li>

<li><a href="Stock_character" title="Stock character">Stock character</a></li>

<li><a href="Story_structure" title="Story structure">Story structure</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFCC99;;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Epoch-marking<br>works</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li>"<a href="Pierre_Menard%2C_Author_of_the_Quixote" title="Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote">Pierre Menard, Author of the <i>Quixote</i></a>" <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1939)</span></li>

<li><i><a href="Reality_Hunger" title="Reality Hunger">Reality Hunger: A Manifesto</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2010)</span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFCC99;;width:1%">Theorization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><i><a href="Copia%3A_Foundations_of_the_Abundant_Style" title="Copia: Foundations of the Abundant Style">De Copia Rerum</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Diegesis" title="Diegesis">Diegesis</a></li>

<li><a href="Dionysian_imitatio" title="Dionysian imitatio">Dionysian <i>imitatio</i></a></li>

<li><a href="Mimesis" title="Mimesis">Mimesis</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Johann_Joachim_Winckelmann#Critical_response_and_influence" title="Johann Joachim Winckelmann">Nachahmung</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Palimpsests%3A_Literature_in_the_Second_Degree" title="Palimpsests: Literature in the Second Degree">Palimpsests: Literature in the Second Degree</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Pictures_Generation" title="The Pictures Generation">The Pictures Generation</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">Postmodernism</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_formalism" title="Russian formalism">Russian formalism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFCC99;;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related non-<br>artistic concepts</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Academic_dishonesty" title="Academic dishonesty">Academic dishonesty</a></li>

<li><a href="Appropriation_(sociology)" title="Appropriation (sociology)">Appropriation in sociology</a></li>

<li><a href="Articulation_(sociology)" title="Articulation (sociology)">Articulation in sociology</a></li>

<li><a href="Cultural_appropriation" title="Cultural appropriation">Cultural appropriation</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_printing" title="History of printing">History of printing</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_society" title="Information society">Information society</a></li>

<li><a href="Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">Intellectual property</a>

<ul><li><a href="Copyright_infringement" title="Copyright infringement">Copyright infringement</a></li>

<li><a href="Derivative_work" title="Derivative work">Derivative work</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_source" title="Open source">Open source</a></li>

<li><a href="Participatory_culture" title="Participatory culture">Participatory culture</a></li>

<li><a href="Pirate_Party" title="Pirate Party">Pirate politics</a></li>

<li><a href="Recontextualisation" title="Recontextualisation">Recontextualisation</a></li>

<li><a href="Remix_culture" title="Remix culture">Remix culture</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Visual_arts_and_the_art_world208" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Visual_arts_and_the_art_world208" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">Visual arts</a> and the <a href="Art_world" title="Art world">art world</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artwork</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Appropriation_(art)" title="Appropriation (art)">Appropriation</a></li>

<li><a href="Collage" title="Collage">Collage</a></li>

<li><a href="Conceptual_art" title="Conceptual art">Conceptual art</a></li>

<li><a href="Cultural_artifact" title="Cultural artifact">Cultural artifact</a></li>

<li><a href="Drawing" title="Drawing">Drawing</a></li>

<li><a href="Fine-art_photography" title="Fine-art photography">Fine-art photograph</a></li>

<li><a href="Installation_art" title="Installation art">Installation art</a></li>

<li><a href="Kinetic_art" title="Kinetic art">Kinetic art</a></li>

<li><a href="Mixed_media" title="Mixed media">Mixed media</a>

<ul><li><a href="Bricolage" title="Bricolage">bricolage</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mural" title="Mural">Mural</a>

<ul><li><a href="Fresco" title="Fresco">fresco</a></li>

<li><a href="Graffiti" title="Graffiti">graffiti</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="New_media_art" title="New media art">New media art</a>

<ul><li><a href="Media_art_history" title="Media art history">history</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_art" title="Digital art">digital</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtual_art" title="Virtual art">virtual</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Painting" title="Painting">Painting</a></li>

<li><a href="Performance_art" title="Performance art">Performance art</a></li>

<li><a href="Plastic_arts" title="Plastic arts">Plastic arts</a></li>

<li><a href="Portrait" title="Portrait">Portrait</a></li>

<li><a href="Printmaking" title="Printmaking">Printmaking</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_art" title="Public art">Public art</a>

<ul><li><a href="Street_art" title="Street art">street art</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Sculpture" title="Sculpture">Sculpture</a>

<ul><li><a href="Carving" title="Carving">carving</a></li>

<li><a href="Relief" title="Relief">relief</a></li>

<li><a href="Statue" title="Statue">statue</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_tallest_statues" title="List of tallest statues">tallest</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Site-specific_art" title="Site-specific art">Site-specific art</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_sculpture" title="Social sculpture">Social sculpture</a></li>

<li><a href="Soft_sculpture" title="Soft sculpture">Soft sculpture</a></li>

<li><a href="Stained_glass" title="Stained glass">Stained glass</a></li>

<li><a href="Artwork_title" title="Artwork title">Artwork title</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Artist" title="Artist">Artist</a></li>

<li><a href="Private_collection" title="Private collection">Collector</a></li>

<li><a href="Conservator-restorer" title="Conservator-restorer">Conservator-restorer</a>

<ul><li><a href="Paintings_conservator" title="Paintings conservator">paintings</a></li>

<li><a href="Conservation_and_restoration_of_frescos" title="Conservation and restoration of frescos">frescos</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Art_critic" title="Art critic">Critic</a></li>

<li><a href="Curator" title="Curator">Curator</a></li>

<li><a href="Art_dealer" title="Art dealer">Dealer</a></li>

<li><a href="Model_(art)" title="Model (art)">Model</a></li>

<li><a href="Patronage" title="Patronage">Patron</a></li>

<li><a href="Visual_arts_education" title="Visual arts education">Visual arts education</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_art_universities_and_colleges_in_Europe" title="List of art universities and colleges in Europe">Europe</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places<br>and events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Art_auction" title="Art auction">Art auction</a></li>

<li><a href="Art_colony" title="Art colony">Art colony</a></li>

<li><a href="Art_commune" class="mw-redirect" title="Art commune">Art commune</a></li>

<li><a href="Art_exhibition" title="Art exhibition">Art exhibition</a>

<ul><li><a href="Alternative_exhibition_space" title="Alternative exhibition space">alternative exhibition space</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Art_gallery" title="Art gallery">Art gallery</a>

<ul><li><a href="Contemporary_art_gallery" title="Contemporary art gallery">Contemporary art gallery</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Art_museum" title="Art museum">Art museum</a>

<ul><li><a href="Single-artist_museum" title="Single-artist museum">Single-artist museum</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Art_school" title="Art school">Art school</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_art_schools_in_Europe" title="List of art schools in Europe">Europe</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Arts_centre" title="Arts centre">Arts centre</a></li>

<li><a href="Arts_festival" title="Arts festival">Arts festival</a></li>

<li><a href="Artist_collective" title="Artist collective">Artist collective</a></li>

<li><a href="Artist_cooperative" title="Artist cooperative">Artist cooperative</a></li>

<li><a href="Artist-in-residence" title="Artist-in-residence">Artist-in-residence program</a></li>

<li><a href="Artist-run_initiative" class="mw-redirect" title="Artist-run initiative">Artist-run initiative</a></li>

<li><a href="Artist-run_space" title="Artist-run space">Artist-run space</a></li>

<li><a href="Biennale" title="Biennale">Biennale</a></li>

<li><a href="Commission_(art)" title="Commission (art)">Commission</a></li>

<li><a href="Sculpture_garden" title="Sculpture garden">Sculpture garden</a></li>

<li><a href="Sculpture_trail" title="Sculpture trail">Sculpture trail</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtual_museum" title="Virtual museum">Virtual museum</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="History_of_art" title="History of art">History of art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Timeline_of_art" title="Timeline of art">Timeline of art</a></li>

<li><a href="Art_history" title="Art history">Art history (academic study)</a></li>

<li><a href="Art_manifesto" title="Art manifesto">Art manifesto</a></li>

<li><a href="Art_movement" title="Art movement">Art movements</a></li>

<li><a href="Art_criticism" title="Art criticism">Criticism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Feminist_art_criticism" title="Feminist art criticism">feminist</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="History_of_painting" title="History of painting">History of painting</a>

<ul><li><a href="Outline_of_painting_history" title="Outline of painting history">outline</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Periods_in_Western_art_history" title="Periods in Western art history">Periods in Western art history</a></li>

<li><a href="Timeline_of_20th_century_printmaking_in_America" title="Timeline of 20th century printmaking in America">Timeline of 20th century printmaking in America</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Art_market" title="Art market">Art market</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Catalogue_raisonn%C3%A9" title="Catalogue raisonné">Catalogue raisonné</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Classificatory_disputes_about_art" title="Classificatory disputes about art">Classificatory disputes</a></li>

<li><a href="Collection_Management_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Collection Management Policy">Museum collection management</a>

<ul><li><a href="Deaccessioning_(museum)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deaccessioning (museum)">deaccessioning</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_heritage" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation and restoration of cultural heritage">Conservation-restoration</a>

<ul><li><a href="Conservation_and_restoration_of_paintings" title="Conservation and restoration of paintings">paintings</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Cultural_policy" title="Cultural policy">Cultural policy</a></li>

<li><a href="Depiction" title="Depiction">Depiction</a></li>

<li><a href="Destination_painting" title="Destination painting">Destination painting</a></li>

<li><a href="Eclecticism_in_art" title="Eclecticism in art">Eclecticism in art</a></li>

<li><a href="Economics_of_the_arts_and_literature" title="Economics of the arts and literature">Economics of art</a>

<ul><li><a href="Art_finance" title="Art finance">art finance</a></li>

<li><a href="Art_valuation" title="Art valuation">art valuation</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Elements_of_art" title="Elements of art">Elements of art</a></li>

<li><a href="Art_forgery" title="Art forgery">Forgery</a></li>

<li><a href="Index_of_painting-related_articles" title="Index of painting-related articles">Index of painting-related articles</a></li>

<li><a href="Outline_of_the_visual_arts" title="Outline of the visual arts">Outline of the visual arts</a>

<ul><li><a href="Outline_of_painting" title="Outline of painting">painting</a></li>

<li><a href="Outline_of_sculpture" title="Outline of sculpture">sculpture</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Provenance" title="Provenance">Provenance</a></li>

<li><a href="Sociology_of_art" title="Sociology of art">Sociology of art</a></li>

<li><a href="Style_(visual_arts)" title="Style (visual arts)">Style</a></li>

<li><a href="Unfinished_creative_work" title="Unfinished creative work">Unfinished work</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_art_magazines" title="List of art magazines">Art magazines</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_art_media" title="List of art media">Art media</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_art_techniques" title="List of art techniques">Art techniques</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_art_movements" title="List of art movements">Art movements</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_art_museums" title="List of art museums">Art museums</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_largest_art_museums" title="List of largest art museums">largest</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_most-visited_art_museums" title="List of most-visited art museums">most visited</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_sculpture_parks" title="List of sculpture parks">sculpture parks</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_single-artist_museums" title="List of single-artist museums">single artist</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_art_reference_books" title="List of art reference books">Art reference books</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_colossal_sculptures_in_situ" title="List of colossal sculptures in situ">Colossal sculptures in situ</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_contemporary_artists" title="List of contemporary artists">Contemporary artists</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_contemporary_art_galleries" title="List of contemporary art galleries">Contemporary art galleries</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_modern_artists" title="List of modern artists">Modern artists</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_national_galleries" title="List of national galleries">National galleries</a></li>

<li><a href="Lists_of_painters" title="Lists of painters">Painters</a>

<li><a href="Lists_of_painters_by_nationality" title="Lists of painters by nationality">by nationality</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_photographers" title="List of photographers">Photographers</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_sculptors" title="List of sculptors">Sculptors</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_female_sculptors" title="List of female sculptors">female</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_stolen_paintings" title="List of stolen paintings">Stolen paintings</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_most_expensive_paintings" title="List of most expensive paintings">Most expensive paintings</a>, <a href="List_of_most_expensive_sculptures" title="List of most expensive sculptures">sculptures</a>, <a href="List_of_most_expensive_artworks_by_living_artists" title="List of most expensive artworks by living artists">works by living artists</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Portal%3APainting" title="Portal:Painting">Painting portal</a></li>

<li><a href="Portal%3AVisual_arts" title="Portal:Visual arts">Visual arts portal</a></li>

<li><a href="Portal%3AArts" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Arts">Arts portal</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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